Friday, October 18, 2013

Ship Tracking Hack Makes Tankers Vanish from View

A system used by ships worldwide to broadcast their location for safety purposes lacks security controls and is vulnerable to spectacular spoofing attacks, researchers show.

spoof radio signals Off course: Spoof radio signals convinced an online ship tracking service that this fake craft had traveled on a path near Italy that spelled out the hacker term “pwned,” which describes a system that has been compromised by an attacker.

A system used to track shipping vessels worldwide has been shown to be easily hijacked. Researchers found that it is possible to cause fake vessels to appear, real ones to disappear, and to issue false emergency alerts using cheap radio equipment.

Researchers with the computer security company Trend Micro discovered the problem, which stems from a lack of security controls in a technology known as Automatic Identification System, or AIS, used by an estimated 400,000 ships worldwide. Ships using the system transmit a radio signal with their location and some other details, so that other vessels and port authorities can view a map with all nearby craft shown in real time. International Maritime Organization rules make AIS mandatory on passenger vessels and on cargo ships over a certain size. Lighthouses, buoys, and other marine fixtures also transmit their location using the system.

Graphics Chips Help Process Big Data Sets in Milliseconds

A new database tool dramatically improves processing speeds using technology that’s already in your computer.



New software can use the graphics processors found on everyday computers to process torrents of data more quickly than is normally possible, opening up new ways to visually explore everything from Twitter posts to political donations.


Known as MapD, or massively parallel database, the new technology achieves big speed gains by storing the data in the onboard memory of graphics processing units (GPUs) instead of in central processing units (CPUs), as is conventional. Using a single high-performance GPU card can make data processing up to 70 times faster.

How to Get Tiny But Cumulatively Important Innovations to Market

GE hopes to increase power output at existing wind turbines by offering free upgrades–you just pay if the upgrades work. 


GE had a problem. Its researchers were inventing a lot of interesting ways to eke out more power from already installed wind turbines—a software adjustment, adding a vortex-inducing strip of metal, and so on—but customers weren’t buying. Nevermind that GE carefully analyzed how much more their customers could make, and how fast they could pay off the investment.

Getting people to buy into little improvements is not GE’s problem alone. Startups that offer modest improvements to the incumbent technology struggle to get attention. There’s a similar problem when it comes to efficiency gains. A little upfront investment by homeowners and businesses in insulation, light sensors, and other equipment can quickly pay for itself. But those investments often don’t get made.

Cell-Free Biomanufacturing for Cheaper, Cleaner Chemicals

Biotech startup Greenlight Biosciences has a cell-free approach to microbial chemical production.


Biotechnologists have genetically engineered bacteria and other microbes to produce biofuels and chemicals from renewable resources. But complex metabolic pathways in these living organisms can be difficult to control, and the desired products can be poisonous to the microbes. What if you could eliminate the living cell altogether?

Greenlight Biosciences, a Boston-area startup, engineers microbes to make various enzymes that can produce chemicals and then breaks open the bugs to harvest those enzymes. The scientists don’t have to go to the trouble of isolating the enzymes from the other cellular material; instead, they add chemicals to inhibit unwanted biochemical reactions. By mixing slurries based on different microbes with sugars and other carbon-based feedstocks, the company can generate complex reactions to produce a variety of chemicals.

Camera Lets Blind People Navigate with Gestures

A wearable depth-sensing camera may soon give sightless people a better way to master their environment.

Eelke Folmer and Vinitha Khambadkar think blind people could do without their white canes and instead navigate with a camera around their necks that gives spoken guidance in response to hand gestures.

Folmer and Khambadkar, researchers at the University of Nevada, presented the technology last week at the ACM Symposium on User Interface Software and Technology. Known as the Gestural Interface for Remote Spatial Perception, which they abbreviate as GIST, the system utilizes a Microsoft Kinect sensor to analyze and identify objects in its field of view. “GIST lets you extract information from your environment,” Folmer says.

Smart Watches Need a Makeover, and a Shrink Ray

If smart watches are going to really take off, they’ll have to get a lot better-looking first. 


The market for smart watches is hopping, with companies large (Samsung, Sony) and small (Pebble) betting consumers want to strap these gadgets to their wrists. Even Apple and Google are expected to be readying their takes, and market researcher Juniper Research expects wearable-tech revenue to grow to $19 billion by 2018 from this year’s comparatively paltry $1.4 billion.

Here’s the thing: existing smart watches are pretty ugly. I’ve spent a lot of time researching and trying out some existing options (see “So Far, Smart Watches Are Pretty Dumb”), and beyond all the technology changes needed for smart watches to become truly useful and complementary to smartphones (rather than just duplicative), they’re also in need of a major fashion makeover.

Thursday, October 17, 2013

How Hollywood Can 
Capitalize on Piracy

Jack Valenti, the late president of the Motion Picture Association of America, once warned that a new form of distribution might kill his industry. It would empty theaters and drain studio coffers. Why would anyone venture out to multiplexes when films could be disseminated virtually free and viewed in the convenience of your own home?

Valenti was referring to videocassette recorders, the big boxes rolling out of Japanese factories circa 1980 that could make or play copies of movies at minimal cost. He called them a “parasitical instrument” and told Congress in 1982: “The VCR is to the American film producer and the American public as the Boston ­Strangler is to the woman home alone.” Filmmakers heeded him: Steven ­Spielberg refused to release E.T. to the home video market for six years. The debate was so fierce that it took a 1984 Supreme Court ruling to guarantee a consumer’s right to record someone else’s intellectual ­property.

The Top Five Trend-Setting Cities on Twitter

Twitter data reveals the cities that set trends and those that follow. And the difference may be in the way air passengers carry information across the country, by-passing the internet, say network scientists 




One of the defining properties of social networks is the ease with which information can spread across them. This flow leads to information avalanches in which videos or photographs or other content becomes viral across entire countries, continents and even the globe.

It’s easy to imagine that these trends are simply the result of the properties of the network. Indeed, there are plenty of studies that seem to show this.

But in recent years, researchers have become increasingly interested in the relationship between a network and the geography it is superimposed on. What role does geography play in the emergence and spread of trends? And which areas are trend setters and which are trend followers?

Wednesday, October 16, 2013

Review: New Writing Software Tries to Get Beyond the Word Processor

As We May Type

In 1984, the personal-computer industry was still small enough to be captured, with reasonable fidelity, in a one-volume publication, the Whole Earth Software Catalog. It told the curious what was up: “On an unlovely flat artifact called a disk may be hidden the concentrated intelligence of thousands of hours of design.” And filed under “Organizing” was one review of particular note, describing a program called ThinkTank, created by a man named Dave Winer.

ThinkTank was outlining software that ran on a personal computer. There had been outline programs before (most famously, Doug Engelbart’s NLS or oNLine System, demonstrated in 1968 in “The Mother of All Demos,” which also included the first practical implementation of hypertext). But Winer’s software was outlining for the masses, on personal computers. The Whole Earth reviewers were enthusiastic: “I have subordinate ideas neatly indented under other ideas,” wrote one. Another enumerated the possibilities: “Starting to write. Writer’s block. Refining expositions or presentations. Keeping notes that you can use later. Brainstorming.” ThinkTank wasn’t just a tool for making outlines. It promised to change the way you thought.

Crowdsourcing Mobile App Takes the Globe’s Economic Pulse

A startup pays people around the world to log prices in their local stores each day, offering a real-time way to track how economies are doing.

In early September, news outlets reported that the price of onions in India had suddenly spiked nearly 300 percent over prices a year before. Analysts warned that the jump in price for this food staple could signal an impending economic crisis, and the Research Bank of India quickly raised interest rates.

A startup company called Premise might’ve helped make the response to India’s onion crisis timelier. As part of a novel approach to tracking the global economy from the bottom up, the company has a daily feed of onion prices from stores around India. More than 700 people in cities around the globe use a mobile app to log the prices of key products in local stores each day.

Brain Implants Can Detect Mathematical Thinking

Study suggests how brain technology could one day tap into thoughts.



The electrical activity of a few thousand neurons in the human brain correlates with thinking about math or quantity-related ideas, say researchers. The findings suggest how research that connects types of thoughts to brain activity could some day enable patients who are unable to speak to communicate with others.

Josef Parvizi, a neurologist at Stanford School of Medicine, and his team used brain implants in three patients to record the activity of a collection of neurons suspected to be involved in mathematical thinking. The patients were undergoing brain monitoring to help treat their epileptic seizures and had electrodes implanted on the surface of their brain so neuron activity could be monitored over several days.

The Stanford team compared video recordings of the patients’ behaviors to the patterns of activity of a brain region suspected to be important for mathematical calculations. By recording from an implant, the researchers could observe more natural behaviors in patients than had been possible in previous studies.

Whenever the patients would consider math problems or even just quantitative thoughts—ideas such as “more than” or “smaller than”—the neurons were active, the researchers reported on Tuesday in Nature Communications

Parvizi says his group has also recorded from other regions of the brain while monitoring patient behavior, but those results await publication. While researchers are far from able to read minds, the implant technique could be a good way to try to grasp what is going on inside a person’s head, says Parvizi. “This is just the beginning of a new era in brain research.”

http://www.technologyreview.com/view/520351/brain-implants-can-detect-mathematical-thinking/


The Greenhouse-Gas Case Before the Supreme Court Won’t Matter for Tech

In focusing on EPA regs aimed at stationary sources of carbon dioxide, the Supreme Court will leave fuel economy standards intact. 


Today the Supreme Court agreed to hear a case that could cut back on the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency’s authority to regulate greenhouse emissions from power plants. EPA regulation of greenhouse gases is a centerpiece of President Obama’s climate plan, since he can’t expect Congress to do anything on the subject. Regulations often have big implications for innovation, since they can force the adoption of new technologies.

But in this case, no matter what the Supreme Court decides, the impact on technology—such as methods for capturing carbon dioxide from power plants—is likely to be small (see “Capturing and Storing Carbon Dioxide in One Simple Step”).

Opinions differ as to just how big a deal the case could be. Some experts, such as Jonas Monast, the director of the Climate and Energy Program at Duke University, argue that the Supreme Court is only focusing on a narrow point that won’t affect Obama’s push for new regulations on power plants.

Others say that the court could have a big impact. It might rule that the EPA doesn’t have authority to regulate greenhouse- gas emissions from power plants. If these experts are right, then the EPA may not be able to issue regulations limiting carbon dioxide emissions at new and existing power plants.

But no matter how the case plays out, it probably won’t make a big difference for the development of technology. That’s because EPA regulations limiting greenhouse-gas emissions would only promote a shift from coal to natural-gas power plants. And that’s happening even without the regulations. The regulations will do little or nothing to promote carbon capture or require the use of renewables (see “EPA Carbon Regs Won’t Help Advance Technology”).

The Supreme Court could have had a big impact if it had decided to consider a broader question that petitioners had brought to it—whether the EPA was right to conclude that carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases threaten human health. If the court had decided the EPA was wrong, that could have invalidated ambitious fuel economy regulations. That would take away a major incentive for innovation in the automotive industry.

http://www.technologyreview.com/view/520331/the-greenhouse-gas-case-before-the-supreme-court-wont-matter-for-tech/


Three Questions for Microsoft’s New Head of Research, Peter Lee

As Microsoft prepares to absorb Nokia’s handset business, a new research strategy emerges.


Microsoft new head of research, Peter Lee, is tasked with helping the company invent the future. His bosses hope that it will be one in which the computing giant has more than just 4 percent of the market for mobile operating systems.

Lee’s strategy is to funnel resources toward technologies he believes could revolutionize our relationships with computers, mobile and otherwise. He also faces the challenge of managing an increasingly rare breed in the computer industry: a large and sprawling corporate research division. Microsoft Research currently has 1,100 researchers and engineers in 13 labs around the world, from Cairo, Egypt, to New York City. A 14th is planned for Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, and Microsoft may be about to absorb Nokia’s research wing when it completes its takeover of the handset maker.

Tweets Have Become Shorter Since 2009, Say Computer Scientists

The length of the messages we send on Twitter is getting shorter, raising important questions about how the social messaging service is changing the way we communicate, say researchers 




Back in the old days, say in 2009, Twitter was a relatively unknown social network that was beginnign to spread like wildfire. In 2007, Twitter users posted some 400,000 tweets per quarter, by June 2010, they were posting 65 million each day. Today, there are 200 million registered users who send around 400 million tweets every day.

During this short time, Twitter has become so popular that its technical argot has entered the common language. Words like hashtag and @name would have seemed little more than gibberish just a few years ago. But even the word tweet is now a verb officially recognised in the Oxford English Dictionary.

Review: Smart Watches: Pebble, Samsung Galaxy Gear, MetaWatch Frame

So Far, Smart Watches Are Pretty Dumb

A century ago, banker Henry Graves Jr. and industrialist James Ward Packard embarked on a decades-long competition to acquire the watch with the most “complications”—a term used to denote any feature beyond simple time-telling. Their rivalry culminated in the creation of a gold pocket watch known as the Graves Supercomplication, designed and built by the Swiss watchmaker Patek Philippe. Its 24 complications included sunrise and sunset times in New York City and a chart of the city’s night sky. Graves paid about $15,000 for the watch in 1933 (roughly $270,000 in today’s money); at auction in 1999, it sold for $11 million.

Many years and countless watch styles later, a different kind of wrist-borne complication battle is heating up. Inspired by the success of smartphones and tablets, and by the ever-more-compact computer chips, sensors, and screens found in these devices, electronics companies hope the smart watch could be the next big thing. Companies including Samsung and Sony, and perhaps also Apple and Google, are rushing to produce these devices, which typically connect wirelessly to a smartphone so that you can see call alerts and message notifications on your wrist.

Tuesday, October 15, 2013

Will GOTCHAs Replace CAPTCHAs?

Distorted pieces of text are often used to prevent computers getting unauthorised access to websites. Now a team of computer scientists think they can do better with inkblot tests instead 



 
 
Most people who use the Internet will be familiar with the Completely Automated Public Turing test to tell Computers and Humans Apart, otherwise known as CAPTCHA. These are the distorted pieces of texts that you are regularly asked to identify to prove that you are human. Their goal is to prevent bots from accessing websites, to prevent them leaving spam, for example.

CAPTCHAs have been hugely successful since they were introduced in 2000 by Luis von Ahn and pals at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh. But in the cat and mouse game of computer security, it was always inevitable that the bad guys would spend significant resources attempting to break the system.

Monday, October 14, 2013

Leading Economist Predicts a Bitcoin Backlash

Economist Simon Johnson says governments will feel the urge to suppress the crypto-currency Bitcoin.


Governments and established financial institutions are likely to launch a campaign to quash the decentralized digital currency Bitcoin, according to a leading economist and academic. Simon Johnson, a professor of entrepreneurship at MIT’s Sloan School of Management, expects Bitcoin to face political pressure and aggressive lobbying from big banks because of its disruptive nature.

“There is going to be a big political backlash,” Johnson said on stage at MIT Technology Review’s EmTech conference in Cambridge, Massachusetts, last Thursday. “And the question is whether the people behind those currencies are ready for that and have their own political strategy.”

A Trojan Treatment for Parkinson’s Disease

Scientists use immune cells to smuggle molecules across the blood-brain barrier in the hopes of treating neurodegenerative diseases.

Deep in the base of the brain, a cascade of events including oxidative damage and inflammation can kill neurons, resulting in the debilitating symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.

An international team of researchers has now developed a technique that might be used to prevent this cell death. They engineer a patient’s own immune cells to carry protective stowaway molecules, and these Trojan cells can help prevent neuron death by delivering treatments across the blood-brain barrier—a layer of cellular structures that blocks most molecules from passing into the brain. The researchers have so far tested the approach successfully in mice.

Sunday, October 13, 2013

Three Questions for Tech Education Pioneer Scot Osterweil

An MIT education expert says we should enjoy our free time and let technology do the work for us.



Scot Osterweil is the creative director of the Education Arcade and a professor at the MIT Media Lab. He spoke at MIT Technology Review’s EmTech conference about why educators need to encourage more creativity—and how that could help us build a better, more leisurely future.

What’s wrong with American education?

Virtually all conversations about American education start on the premise that we have a crisis. The crisis is usually reduced to the simple fact that American students don’t seem to score as well on the international tests as students in other countries.

We’re looking at the wrong data. The reality is that there are problems in American education, but we have diagnosed the wrong problem. Because in fact, if you look at the data, Americans have always scored worse on those international exams, including the generation of students who invented the personal computer, the Internet, and basically fueled America’s high-tech dominance. Those students in school were scoring worse collectively on the exams. So those exams are not predictive of anything. There’s pretty clear evidence that people’s results on those exams correlate very well with poverty. If you actually normalize the scores for similar distributions of income, it turns out we’re scoring just as well as all those other counties.

If you visit most of the countries that do really well on those international exams, they all ask, How can we capture the entrepreneurship and the creativity and the innovativeness that we see in American students? So we are, in a sense, trying to drive our education system in the direction to be more like the places that would like to be more like us.

So how can we take advantage of what we’re good at?

What we need to do, to some degree, is sort of return to an era of free-range children, where there’s more play, more discovery. The problem in America right now is that kids are having less time to explore and invent and discover. The one space where I think kids are still being as adventuresome as they ever were is in the space of games.

I don’t mean to say that all education could be done through games, but I think we can look at what happens in game play and we should try to model that and make more of our education system like that, where we present kids with authentic challenges, give them freedom to really explore those challenges and invent solutions. The powerful thing with technology is that we can also, in the same process, be assessing how kids are doing, unlike the current assessments right now.

How do we encourage people to make more of their creativity?

It’s strange. We’ve always seen technology as a way of increasing productivity and saving labor. And now that we’re actually reaping those benefits, we don’t know what to do about it.

What we really need to do is to give people back free time. The real challenge to education is to educate people on how to use that free time. So we have a choice. We can either have people sitting around idly, slack-jawed, watching TV and wandering the malls, or we can really teach them how to be lifelong learners and lifelong makers. We can unleash their creativity and encourage them to recognize that their playfulness is actually a productive activity, even if it isn’t used for work.

And if people are beginning to use those skills, whether it’s writing software or designing things for 3-D printers or doing carpentry or other kind of crafts; if people get back in touch with the pleasures of those activities and sharing those with their communities, their neighbors, including their neighbors on the Internet; if we have a population that’s productively engaged—we’re actually achieving what we always wanted to achieve with technology.

http://www.technologyreview.com/news/520216/three-questions-for-tech-education-pioneer-scot-osterweil/

AOL Cofounder Frets That the U.S. Could Lose Its Entrepreneurial Edge

AOL cofounder Steve Case makes the case for American entrepreneurs outside of Silicon Valley.


Entrepreneurs made America the leader of the free world, and only entrepreneurs can keep it there.

That’s according to Steve Case, the billionaire founder of America Online, who is reëmerging as an influential figure in Washington, D.C., and one of the country’s most important technology investors.

Case cofounded AOL, a company that, with its CD-ROMs and memorable TV ads, helped connect America to the Internet back in the 1990s. Worth as much as $172 billion near its peak, the company lost its prominence on the Web after an ill-fated 2000 merger with old-media conglomerate Time Warner.
But Case has come back into public view with a strongly pro-American take on the role of entrepreneurs in the economy.

Tesla’s Model S Out-Accelerates Porsche’s New Plug-in Hybrid

Porcshe’s new part-time electric car could challenge Tesla, which has been outselling the more established automaker. 



 
Plugged-in Porsche: The new Panamera S E-Hybrid charges outside MIT’s Media Lab during EmTech.

Next month Porsche will start selling its new Panamera S E-Hybrid, a plug-in hybrid that can travel 22 miles on battery power alone before its gas engine kicks in. Here are some first impressions after I took it for a quick test drive this week at MIT Technology Review’s EmTech conference. (Disclosure: Porsche was one of the event’s sponsors).

Google X Display Guru Says Wearable Computing Is Unstoppable

Mary Lou Jepsen, who leads the Google X display group, says wearable innovation moving fast. 


Mary Lou Jepsen, head of the display division for Google’s notoriously secret hardware innovation lab, Google X–which is building the Google Glass head-worn computer–took the stage at EmTech Thursday to talk about innovation, creativity, and, naturally, wearable computing.

While Jepsen apologized a few times for being unable to divulge what, specifically, she’s working on over at Google (“Sergey insists,” she said apologetically at one point, referring to company cofounder Sergey brin), she did share a number of thoughts related to her division and the changing face of consumer electronics, among other topics. Below are some of her distilled thoughts.
  • She believes wearable computers are “a way of amplifying you,” saying that for years she felt that a laptop is an extension of her mind. “It’s coming. I don’t think it’s stoppable,” she said of wearable devices like Glass, adding that it makes it much faster to do things like take photos, and “you become addicted to the speed of it, and it lets you do more fast and easily.”
  • Ten years from now, assuming we can’t cure neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer’s, she expects human-computer interfaces (such as the red Google Glass she wore around her neck, presumably) to be able to do things like identify the people around you.
  • She pointed out the importance of varied design in making commercially successful smart watches, similar to the different kinds of clothes we all wear.
  • Despite keeping her mouth shut about what she and her team are building, she indicates they’re working hard, saying they’re “maybe sleeping three hours a night to bring the technology forward,” and that we may see what they’re working on next year.
  • She stressed that industrial design and user experience design are “not the whole product,” when it comes to consumer electronics, and that, if you really think about it, the existence of the laptop was made possible by the creation of the liquid-crystal display, and tablets by further innovations in hardware. “There’s only so much you can do by styling the housing and icons,” she said. “I think there’s a lot of room for diversity and innovation of approach here.”
  • She also stressed the importance of understanding from early on in the product-development cycle about how what you’re making will scale.
  • She says Google’s driverless car, which the company has long been testing on California’s roads, is “safer than a regular driver now,” and that Google has driven more miles with its driverless car than the ground covered by all other driverless cars combined.
  • She noted the importance of innovation at any age. “I don’t think any one of us has an excuse on why we can’t get up and do something relaly big, really bold,” she said.
http://www.technologyreview.com/view/520231/google-x-display-guru-says-wearable-computing-is-unstoppable/


Microsoft Thinks DRM Can Solve the Privacy Problem

A leader at Microsoft proposes protecting personal data using technology once used to lock down music files.


When sharing music online took off in the 1990s, many companies turned to digital rights management (DRM) software as a way to restrict what could be done with MP3s and other music files—only to give up after the approach proved ineffective and widely unpopular. Today Craig Mundie, senior advisor to the CEO at Microsoft, resurrected the idea, proposing that a form of DRM could be used to prevent personal data from being misused.

Speaking at MIT Technology Review’s EmTech conference in Cambridge, Massachusetts, Mundie said that a new approach is necessary because people currently have no way to be sure how data they share with companies will be used.

Qualcomm to Build Neuro-Inspired Chips

World’s largest smartphone chipmaker offers to custom-build very efficient neuro-inspired chips for phones, robots, and vision systems.


The world’s largest smartphone chipmaker, Qualcomm, says it is ready to start helping partners manufacture a radically different kind of a chip—one that mimics the neural structures and processing methods found in the brain.

The approach is emerging as a way to enable machines to perform complex tasks while consuming far less power. IBM has been prototyping similar chips (see “IBM Scientists Show Blueprints for Brainlike Computing),” and the area is the focus of intense research around the world (see “Building a Brain on a Silicon Chip” and “Intel Reveals Neuromorphic Chip Design”).